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(become secured)

  • 1 lock

    I noun
    (ringlet) Locke, die
    II 1. noun
    1) (of door etc.) Schloss, das

    under lock and key — unter [strengem] Verschluss

    2) (on canal etc.) Schleuse, die
    3) (on wheel) Sperrvorrichtung, die; Sperre, die
    4) (Wrestling) Fesselgriff, der; Klammergriff, der
    5)

    lock, stock, and barrel — (fig.) mit allem Drum und Dran (ugs.)

    6) (Motor Veh.) Lenkeinschlag, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (fasten) zuschließen; abschließen

    lock or shut the stable door after the horse has bolted — (fig.) den Brunnen erst zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen ist

    lock somebody/something in something — jemanden/etwas in etwas (Akk.) [ein]schließen

    lock somebody/something out of something — jemanden/etwas aus etwas aussperren

    3) in p.p. (joined)

    the wrestlers were locked in combat — die Ringer hielten sich im Fesselgriff

    3. intransitive verb
    [Tür, Kasten usw.:] sich ab-/zuschließen lassen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/43514/lock_away">lock away
    * * *
    I 1. [lok] noun
    1) (a mechanism for fastening doors etc: He put the key in the lock.) das Schloß
    2) (a closed part of a canal for raising or lowering boats to a higher or lower part of the canal.) die Schleusenkammer
    3) (the part of a gun by which it is fired.) das Schloß
    4) (a tight hold (in wrestling etc).) die Fessel
    2. verb
    (to fasten or become fastened with a lock: She locked the drawer; This door doesn't lock.) ver-, abschließen
    - locker
    - locket
    - locksmith
    - lock in
    - lock out
    - lock up     II [lok] noun
    1) (a piece of hair: She cut off a lock of his hair.) die Locke
    2) ((in plural) hair: curly brown locks.) die Locke
    * * *
    lock1
    [lɒk, AM lɑ:k]
    I. n
    1. (fastening device) Schloss nt
    combination \lock Kombinationsschloss nt
    bicycle \lock Fahrradschloss nt
    steering \lock Lenkradschloss nt
    2. NAUT Staustufe f, Schleuse f
    3. (in wrestling) Fesselgriff m
    to hold sb in a body \lock jdn fest umklammert halten
    4. no pl BRIT, AUS AUTO Wendekreis m
    5. AM ( fam: certain winner) sicherer Gewinner/sichere Gewinnerin
    6. (certainty) Gewissheit f
    ▪ to be a \lock feststehen
    she's a \lock for promotion this year es ist völlig sicher, dass sie dieses Jahr befördert wird
    ▪ to \lock sth onto sth etw auf etw akk einstellen
    8.
    ▶ to have a \lock on sth AM ( fam) etw fest in der Hand haben fig
    they have had a \lock on the market for years sie kontrollieren den Markt schon seit Jahren
    ▶ to be under \lock and key hinter Schloss und Riegel sitzen fam
    ▶ \lock, stock and barrel ganz und gar
    we're moving our things \lock, stock and barrel to another city wir ziehen mit Sack und Pack in eine andere Stadt
    he rejected my idea \lock, stock and barrel er hat meine Idee in Bausch und Bogen verworfen
    II. vt
    ▪ to \lock sth etw abschließen
    he \locked the confidential documents in his filing cabinet er schloss die vertraulichen Dokumente in den Aktenschrank
    to \lock a suitcase einen Koffer verschließen
    to \lock a building ein Gebäude zuschließen [o SÜDD, ÖSTERR zusperren]; COMPUT access to accounts, data sperren
    2. usu passive (entangle) sich akk verhaken
    I'm afraid our ship is \locked in ice ich fürchte, unser Schiff steckt im Eis fest
    to \lock one's hands behind sb's neck jds Hals umklammern
    to be \locked in an embrace sich akk eng umschlungen halten
    to be \locked in a struggle sich akk umklammert halten
    to be \locked in discussions in Diskussionen verwickelt werden
    III. vi
    1. (become secured) schließen
    2. (become fixed) binden
    our gazes \locked wir konnten den Blick nicht mehr voneinander [ab]wenden
    3. NAUT eine Schleuse passieren
    lock2
    [lɒk, AM lɑ:k]
    n
    1. (curl) [Haar]locke f
    2. ( poet: hair)
    ▪ \locks pl Haar nt kein pl
    long, flowing \locks langes, wallendes Haar geh
    * * *
    I [lɒk]
    n
    (of hair) Locke f II
    1. n
    1) (on door, box, gun) Schloss nt

    to put/keep sb under lock and key — jdn hinter Schloss und Riegel bringen/verwahren

    he offered me the house lock, stock and barrel — er bot mir das Haus mit allem Drum und Dran an

    they destroyed it lock, stock and barrel — sie haben es total zerstört

    to own sth lock, stock and barrel — etw ganz besitzen

    2) (= canal lock) Schleuse f
    3) (= hold) Fesselgriff m
    4) (AUT) Wendekreis m
    2. vt
    door etc ab- or zuschließen; steering wheel sperren, arretieren; wheel blockieren; (COMPUT) file locken (spec)

    this bar locks the wheel in position —

    See:
    → stable
    3. vi
    schließen; (wheel) blockieren

    a suitcase that locks — ein verschließbarer Koffer, ein Koffer, der sich abschließen lässt

    the lion's jaws locked round his arm — der Kiefer des Löwen schloss sich fest um seinen Arm

    * * *
    lock1 [lɒk; US lɑk]
    A s
    1. Schloss n (an Türen etc):
    a) hinter Schloss und Riegel (Person),
    b) unter Verschluss (Sache)
    2. Verschluss m, Schließe f
    3. Sperrvorrichtung f, Sicherung f
    4. Bremsvorrichtung f
    5. (Gewehr- etc) Schloss n:
    lock, stock, and barrel fig
    a) mit allem Drum und Dran,
    b) mit Stumpf und Stiel, voll und ganz, ganz und gar,
    c) mit Sack und Pack
    6. Schleuse(nkammer) f
    7. Luft-, Druckschleuse f
    8. AUTO etc Br Einschlag m (der Vorderräder):
    be on full lock voll eingeschlagen sein
    9. a) Knäuel m/n (von Fahrzeugen)
    10. Ringen: Fessel(ung) f
    B v/t
    1. auch lock up ab-, zu-, verschließen, zu-, versperren:
    lock the stable door after the horse has bolted ( oder been stolen) den Brunnen (erst) zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen ist
    a) jemanden einschließen, (ein)sperren ( beide:
    in, into in akk), einsperren (gefangen setzen):
    lock o.s. up sich einschließen
    b) → lock up A 2
    3. umschließen, umfassen, in die Arme schließen:
    a) festgekeilt,
    b) eng umschlungen,
    c) ineinander verkrallt;
    locked by mountains von Bergen umschlossen
    4. ineinanderschlingen, die Arme verschränken:
    lock horns fig (hart) aneinandergeraten ( with mit)
    5. TECH sperren, sichern, arretieren, festklemmen
    6. (beim Ringen) (um-)fassen
    7. ein Schiff (durch)schleusen
    8. einen Kanal etc mit Schleusen ausstatten
    C v/i
    1. schließen
    2. sich ab-, zu- oder verschließen lassen, ab- oder verschließbar sein
    3. ineinandergreifen
    4. AUTO etc blockieren (Räder)
    5. AUTO etc Br
    a) sich einschlagen lassen (Räder)
    b) sich durch Einschlag der Vorderräder lenken lassen (Fahrzeug)
    6. (durch)geschleust werden
    a) (Radar) ein Ziel etc erfassen und verfolgen,
    b) FLUG, MIL sich richten auf (akk) (Geschoss)
    lock2 [lɒk; US lɑk] s
    1. (Haar) Locke f, (-)Strähne f, (-)Büschel n
    2. pl meist poet ( besonders lockiges) Haar
    3. (Woll) Flocke f
    * * *
    I noun
    (ringlet) Locke, die
    II 1. noun
    1) (of door etc.) Schloss, das

    under lock and key — unter [strengem] Verschluss

    2) (on canal etc.) Schleuse, die
    3) (on wheel) Sperrvorrichtung, die; Sperre, die
    4) (Wrestling) Fesselgriff, der; Klammergriff, der
    5)

    lock, stock, and barrel — (fig.) mit allem Drum und Dran (ugs.)

    6) (Motor Veh.) Lenkeinschlag, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (fasten) zuschließen; abschließen

    lock or shut the stable door after the horse has bolted — (fig.) den Brunnen erst zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen ist

    lock somebody/something in something — jemanden/etwas in etwas (Akk.) [ein]schließen

    lock somebody/something out of something — jemanden/etwas aus etwas aussperren

    3) in p.p. (joined)
    3. intransitive verb
    [Tür, Kasten usw.:] sich ab-/zuschließen lassen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (Maritime) n.
    Flüssigkeitsheber m.
    Schleuse -n f. n.
    Schloss -¨er n.
    Sperre -n f.
    Verschluss ¨-e m. v.
    abschließen v.
    absperren v.
    arretieren v.
    verriegeln v.
    verschließen v.
    zuschließen v.

    English-german dictionary > lock

  • 2 lock

    1. lock [lɒk, Am lɑ:k] n
    1) ( curl) [Haar]locke f
    2) (poet: hair)
    \locks pl Haar nt kein pl;
    long, flowing \locks langes, wallendes Haar ( geh)
    1. lock [lɒk, Am lɑ:k] n
    1) ( fastening device) Schloss nt;
    combination \lock Kombinationsschloss nt;
    bicycle \lock Fahrradschloss nt;
    steering \lock Lenkradschloss nt
    2) naut Staustufe f, Schleuse f
    3) ( in wrestling) Fesselgriff m;
    to hold sb in a body \lock jdn fest umklammert halten
    4) no pl (Brit, Aus) auto Wendekreis m
    5) (Am) ( fam);
    to be a \lock feststehen;
    she's a \lock for promotion this year es ist völlig sicher, dass sie dieses Jahr befördert wird
    PHRASES:
    \lock, stock and barrel ganz und gar;
    we're moving our things \lock, stock and barrel to another city wir ziehen mit Sack und Pack in eine andere Stadt;
    he rejected my idea \lock, stock and barrel er hat meine Idee in Bausch und Bogen verworfen;
    to be under \lock and key hinter Schloss und Riegel sitzen ( fam)
    to have a \lock on sth (Am) ( fam) etw fest in der Hand haben ( fig)
    they have had a \lock on the market for years sie kontrollieren den Markt schon seit Jahren vt
    1) ( fasten)
    to \lock sth etw abschließen;
    he \locked the confidential documents in his filing cabinet er schloss die vertraulichen Dokumente in den Aktenschrank;
    to \lock a suitcase einen Koffer verschließen;
    to \lock a building ein Gebäude zuschließen [o ( SÜDD), ( ÖSTERR) zusperren];
    2) usu passive ( entangle) sich akk verhaken;
    I'm afraid our ship is \locked in ice ich fürchte, unser Schiff steckt im Eis fest;
    to \lock one's hands behind sb's neck jds Hals umklammern;
    to be \locked in an embrace sich akk eng umschlungen halten;
    to be \locked in a struggle sich akk umklammert halten;
    to be \locked in discussions in Diskussionen verwickelt werden vi
    1) ( become secured) schließen
    2) ( become fixed) binden;
    our gazes \locked wir konnten den Blick nicht mehr voneinander [ab]wenden
    3) naut eine Schleuse passieren

    English-German students dictionary > lock

  • 3 Singer, Isaac Merritt

    [br]
    b. 27 October 1811 Pittstown, New York, USA
    d. 23 July 1875 Torquay, Devonshire, England
    [br]
    American inventor of a sewing machine, and pioneer of mass production.
    [br]
    The son of a millwright, Singer was employed as an unskilled labourer at the age of 12, but later gained wide experience as a travelling machinist. He also found employment as an actor. On 16 May 1839, while living at Lockport, Illinois, he obtained his first patent for a rock-drilling machine, but he soon squandered the money he made. Then in 1849, while at Pittsburgh, he secured a patent for a wood-and metal-carving machine that he had begun five years previously; however, a boiler explosion in the factory destroyed his machine and left him penniless.
    Near the end of 1850 Singer was engaged to redesign the Lerow \& Blodgett sewing machine at the Boston shop of Orson C.Phelps, where the machine was being repaired. He built an improved version in eleven days that was sufficiently different for him to patent on 12 August 1851. He formed a partnership with Phelps and G.B. Zieber and they began to market the invention. Singer soon purchased Phelps's interest, although Phelps continued to manufacture the machines. Then Edward Clark acquired a one-third interest and with Singer bought out Zieber. These two, with dark's flair for promotion and marketing, began to create a company which eventually would become the largest manufacturer of sewing machines exported worldwide, with subsidiary factories in England.
    However, first Singer had to defend his patent, which was challenged by an earlier Boston inventor, Elias Howe. Although after a long lawsuit Singer had to pay royalties, it was the Singer machine which eventually captured the market because it could do continuous stitching. In 1856 the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important pooling arrangement in American history, was formed to share the various patents so that machines could be built without infringements and manufacture could be expanded without fear of litigation. Singer contributed his monopoly on the needle-bar cam with his 1851 patent. He secured twenty additional patents, so that his original straight-needle vertical design for lock-stitching eventually included such refinements as a continuous wheel-feed, yielding presser-foot, and improved cam for moving the needle-bar. A new model, introduced in 1856, was the first to be intended solely for use in the home.
    Initially Phelps made all the machines for Singer. Then a works was established in New York where the parts were assembled by skilled workers through filing and fitting. Each machine was therefore a "one-off" but Singer machines were always advertised as the best on the market and sold at correspondingly high prices. Gradually, more specialized machine tools were acquired, but it was not until long after Singer had retired to Europe in 1863 that Clark made the change to mass production. Sales of machines numbered 810 in 1853 and 21,000 ten years later.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    12 August 1851, US patent no. 8,294 (sewing machine)
    Further Reading
    Biographies and obituaries have appeared in Appleton's Cyclopedia of America, Vol. V; Dictionary of American Biography, Vol XVII; New York Times 25 July 1875; Scientific American (1875) 33; and National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
    D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. The
    Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (provides a thorough account of the development of the Singer sewing machine, the competition it faced from other manufacturers and production methods).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Singer, Isaac Merritt

  • 4 got

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. acquired (verb) acquired; annexed; chalked up; come by; compassed; had; landed; obtained; procured; pulled
    2. affected (verb) affected; carried; impressed; influenced; inspired; moved; struck; swayed; touched
    3. became/become (verb) became; became/become; grew; grew/grown; ran/run; turned; waxed; went/gone
    4. bothered (verb) aggravated; annoyed; bothered; burned up or burnt up; chafed; disturbed; exasperated; fretted; galled; grated; inflamed; irked; irritated; nettled; peeved; piqued; provoked; put out; riled; roiled; ruffled; vexed
    5. came/come (verb) arrived; came/come; contacted; got in/got in or gotten in; reached; showed up/shown up or showed up; showed/shown or showed; turned up
    6. contracted (verb) came down with/come down with; contracted; sickened of; sickened with; took/taken
    7. drew (verb) derived; drew
    8. fathered (verb) begot/begotten or begot; bred; fathered; procreated; sired
    9. induced (verb) argued into; brought around; convinced; drew in/drawn in; drew on/drawn on; drew/drawn; induced; persuaded; prevailed on; prevailed upon; prompted; talked into; won over
    10. learned (verb) learned; mastered; pick up; picked up
    11. made (verb) brought in; deserved; draw down; drew down/drawn down; earned; gained; knocked down; made; merited; pull down; won
    12. memorized (verb) conned; memorized
    13. nonplused (verb) beat/beaten; buffaloed; nonplused; stuck; stumped
    14. prepared (verb) fitted; fixed; made up; prepared; readied
    15. took (verb) bagged; captured; caught; collared; developed; nailed; netted; secured; sickened; took

    English-Russian base dictionary > got

  • 5 gotten

    a погашенный
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. acquired (verb) acquired; annexed; chalked up; come by; compassed; had; landed; obtained; procured; pulled
    2. affected (verb) affected; carried; impressed; influenced; inspired; moved; struck; swayed; touched
    3. become (verb) become; gone; grown; run; turned; waxed
    4. bothered (verb) aggravated; annoyed; bothered; burned up or burnt up; chafed; disturbed; exasperated; fretted; galled; grated; inflamed; irked; irritated; nettled; peeved; piqued; provoked; put out; riled; roiled; ruffled; vexed
    5. come (verb) arrived; come; contacted; got in or gotten in; reached; shown or showed; shown up or showed up; turned up
    6. fathered (verb) begotten or begot; bred; fathered; procreated; sired
    7. induced (verb) argued into; brought around; convinced; derived; drawn; drawn in; drawn on; induced; persuaded; prevailed on; prevailed upon; prompted; talked into; won over
    8. learned (verb) learned; mastered; pick up; picked up
    9. made (verb) brought in; deserved; draw down; drawn down; earned; gained; knocked down; made; merited; pull down; won
    10. memorized (verb) conned; memorized
    11. nonplused (verb) beaten; buffaloed; nonplused; stuck; stumped
    12. prepared (verb) fitted; fixed; made up; prepared; readied
    13. taken (verb) bagged; captured; caught; collared; come down with; contracted; developed; nailed; netted; secured; sickened; sickened of; sickened with; taken

    English-Russian base dictionary > gotten

  • 6 liability

    сущ.
    сокр. liab.
    1) общ. обязанность
    Syn:
    2) юр. ответственность (за какое-л. действие)

    to accept [acknowledge, assume, incur, take on\] a liability — принимать (на себя), нести ответственность

    We assumed full liability for our children's debts. — Мы приняли на себя полную ответственность за долги наших детей.

    Your employer's liability does not cover accidents that you have on your way to work. — Ответственность вашего работодателя не распространяются на несчастные случаи, которые происходят с вами по пути на работу.

    See:
    absolute liability, accountant's liability, advertising liability, automobile liability, bodily injury liability, cargo liability, civil liability, commercial general liability, completed operations liability, damage liability, employee benefits liability, employment practices liability, environmental liability, general liability, joint liability, joint and several liability, legal liability, lender liability, long-tail liability, market share liability, personal injury liability, premises liability, product liability, professional liability, public liability, shipowner's liability, termination liability, third party liability, accountability-as-liability, liability claim, liability insurance, liability limit, liability policy, liability reinsurance, liability risk, property-liability insurance, accountability
    3)
    а) фин., учет, преим. мн. обязательство ( финансового характера), долг, задолженность

    The business has liabilities of 2 million dollars. — Фирма имеет задолженность в 2 млн долл.

    He denies any liability for the cost of the court case. — Он отрицает какую-л. ответственность по судебным издержкам.

    See:
    б) учет, мн. обязательства (общая сумма долгов организации, возникших в результате экономических операций отчетного периода; отражаются в правой стороне бухгалтерского баланса, в сумме с собственным капиталом равны активам организации)
    See:
    в) учет пассивная [убыточная\] позиция ( превышение расходов над доходами)
    4) общ. помеха, трудность, источник неприятностей

    He should go because he has become a liability. — Он должен уйти, ибо он стал помехой.

    Employers saw her age as a liability rather than an asset. — Работодателям ее возраст казался скорее помехой, чем ценным качеством.

    Syn:
    hindrance, drawback
    See:
    5) учет, мн. привлеченный капитал (часть бухгалтерского баланса, в которой отражаются источники образования средств организации, сгруппированные по их принадлежности и назначению)
    Syn:
    See:

    * * *
    обязательство, задолженность, пассив; денежные средства и иные ресурсы или товары, которые данное юридическое лицо кому-то должно; требования на активы физического или юридического лица; обязательства являются следствием контракта или действия, их выполнение обязательно для должника; см. asset;
    * * *
    Обязательство (задолженность, пассив)
    . Финансовое обязательство или денежные расходы, которые должны быть исполнены/понесены в определенное время в соответствии с контрактными условиями данного обязательства . Инвестиционная деятельность .
    * * *
    обязанность; долг; пассив; денежные обязательства

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > liability

  • 7 acquired

    1. a благоприобретенный

    acquired taste — благоприобретенный вкус; привитая склонность

    2. a мед. приобретённый
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. paid for (adj.) become indebted for; bought; budgeted; contracted for; ordered; paid for; procured; purchased; requisitioned
    2. developed (verb) developed; formed
    3. earned (verb) brought in; drew down/drawn down; earned; gained; knocked down; made; won
    4. got/got or gotten (verb) annexed; chalked up; come by; compassed; got; got/got or gotten; had; landed; obtained; pick up; picked up; procured; pulled; secured

    English-Russian base dictionary > acquired

  • 8 procured

    приобретать; приобретенный
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. paid for (adj.) acquired; become indebted for; bought; budgeted; contracted for; ordered; paid for; purchased; requisitioned
    2. got/got or gotten (verb) acquired; annexed; chalked up; come by; compassed; gained; got; got/got or gotten; had; landed; obtained; pick up; picked up; pulled; secured; won
    3. induced (verb) argued into; brought around; convinced; drew in/drawn in; drew on/drawn on; drew/drawn; induced; persuaded; prevailed on; prevailed upon; prompted; talked into; won over

    English-Russian base dictionary > procured

  • 9 Bosch, Robert August

    [br]
    b. 23 September 1861 Albeck, near Ulm, Germany
    d. 9 March 1942 Stuttgart, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer, industrialist and pioneer of internal combustion engine electrical systems.
    [br]
    Robert was the eighth of twelve children of the landlord of a hotel in the village of Albeck. He wanted to be a botanist and zoologist, but at the age of 18 he was apprenticed as a precision mechanic. He travelled widely in the south of Germany, which is unusual for an apprenticeship. In 1884, he went to the USA, where he found employment with Thomas A. Edison and his colleague, the German electrical engineer Siegmund Bergmann. During this period he became interested and involved in the rights of workers.
    In 1886 he set up his own workshop in Stuttgart, having spent a short time with Siemens in England. He built up a sound reputation for quality, but the firm outgrew its capital and in 1892 he had to sack nearly all his employees. Fortunately, among the few that he was able to retain were Arnold Zähringer, who later became Manager, and an apprentice, Gottlieb Harold. These two, under Bosch, were responsible for the development of the low-tension (1897) and the high-tension (1902) magneto. They also developed the Bosch sparking plug, again in 1902. The distributor for multi-cylinder engines followed in 1910. These developments, with a strong automotive bias, were stimulated by Bosch's association with Frederick Simms, an Englishman domiciled in Hamburg, who had become a director of Daimler in Canstatt and had secured the UK patent rights of the Daimler engine. Simms went on to invent, in about 1898, a means of varying ignition timing with low-tension magnetos.
    It must be emphasized, as pointed out above, that the invention of neither type of magneto was due to Bosch. Nikolaus Otto introduced a crude low-tension magneto in 1884, but it was not patented in Germany, while the high-tension magneto was invented by Paul Winand, a nephew of Otto's partner Eugen Langen, in 1887, this patent being allowed to lapse in 1890.
    Bosch's social views were advanced for his time. He introduced an eight-hour day in 1906 and advocated industrial arbitration and free trade, and in 1932 he wrote a book on the prevention of world economic crises, Die Verhütung künftiger Krisen in der Weltwirtschaft. Other industrialists called him the "Red Bosch" because of his short hours and high wages; he is reputed to have replied, "I do not pay good wages because I have a lot of money, I have a lot of money because I pay good wages." The firm exists to this day as the giant multi-national company Robert Bosch GmbH, with headquarters still in Stuttgart.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    T.Heuss, 1994, Robert Bosch: His Life and Achievements (trans. S.Gillespie and J. Kapczynski), New York: Henry Holt \& Co.
    JB

    Biographical history of technology > Bosch, Robert August

  • 10 Chaudron, Joseph

    [br]
    b. 29 November 1822 Gosselies, Belgium
    d. 16 January 1905 Auderghem, Belgium
    [br]
    Belgian mining engineer, pioneer in boring shafts.
    [br]
    In 1842, as a graduate of the Ecole des Mines in Liège, he became a member of the Belgian Corps Royal des Mines, which he left ten years later as Chief Engineer. By that time he had become decisively influential in the Société Anglo-Belge des Mines du Rhin, founded in 1848. After it became the Gelsenkirchen-based Bergwerkgesellschaft Dahlbusch in 1873, he became President of its Board of Directors and remained in this position until his death. Thanks to his outstanding technical and financial abilities, the company developed into one of the largest in the Ruhr coal district.
    When K.G. Kind practised his shaft-boring for the company in the early 1850s but did not overcome the difficulty of making the bottom of the bore-hole watertight, Chaudron joined forces with him to solve the problem and constructed a rotary heading which was made watertight with a box stuffed with moss; rings of iron tubing were placed on this as the sinking progressed, effectively blocking off the aquiferous strata as a result of the hydrostatic pressure which helped support the weight of the tubing until it was secured permanently. The Kind-Chaudron system of boring shafts in the full section marked an important advance upon existing methods, and was completely applied for the first time at a coalmine near Mons, Belgium, in 1854–6. In Brussels Chaudron and Kind founded the Société de Fonçage par le Procédé Kind et Chaudron in 1854, and Chaudron was granted a patent the next year. Foreign patents followed and the Kind-Chaudron system was the one most frequently applied in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Altogether, under Chaudron's control, there were more than eighty shafts sunk in wet strata in Germany, Belgium, France and England.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1853–4, "Notice sur le procédé inventé par l'ingénieur Kind, pour l"établissement des puits de mines', Annales des travaux publics de Belgique 12:327–38.
    1862, "Über die nach dem Kindschen Erdbohrverfahren in Belgien ausgefùhrten Schachtbohrarbeiten", Berg-und Hüttenmännische Zeitschrift 21:402−7, 419−21, 444−7.
    1867, "Notice sur les travaux exécutés en France, en Belgique et en Westphalie de 1862– 1867", Annales des travaux publics de Belgique 25: 136–45.
    1872, "Remplacement d'un cuvelage en bois par un cuvelage en fonte", Annales des
    travaux publics de Belgique 30:77–91.
    Further Reading
    D.Hoffmann, 1962, Acht Jahrzehnte Gefrierverfahren nachPötsch, Essen, pp. 12–18 (evaluates the Kind-Chaudron system as a new era).
    W.Kesten, 1952, Geschichte der Bergwerksgesellschaft Dahlbusch, Essen (gives a delineation of the mining company's flourishing as well as the technical measures under his influence).
    T.Tecklenburg, 1914, Handbuch der Tiefbohrkunde, 2nd edn, Vol VI, Berlin, pp. 39–58 (provides a detailed description of Chaudron's tubing).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Chaudron, Joseph

  • 11 Hurter, Ferdinand

    [br]
    b. 15 March 1844 Schaffhausen, Switzerland
    d. 5 March 1898
    [br]
    Swiss chemist who, with Vero Charles Driffield, established the basis of modern sensitometry in England.
    [br]
    Ferdinand Hurter worked for three years as a dyer's apprentice before entering the Polytechnic in Zurich; he transferred to Heidelberg, where he graduated in 1866. A year later he secured an appointment as a chemist for the British alkali manufacturing company, Gaskell, Deacon \& Co. of Widnes, Cheshire. In 1871 he was joined at the company by the young engineer Vero Charles Driffield, who was to become his co-worker. Driffield had worked for a professional photographer before beginning his engineering apprenticeship and it was in 1876, when Hurter sought to draw on this experience, that the partnership began. At this time the speed of the new gelatine halide dry plates was expressed in terms of the speed of a wet-collodion plate, an almost worthless concept as the speed of a collodion plate was itself variable. Hurter and Driffield sought to place the study of photographic emulsions on a more scientific basis. They constructed an actinometer to measure the intensity of sunlight and in 1890 published the first of a series of papers on the sensitivity of photographic plates. They suggested methods of exposing a plate to lights of known intensities and measuring the densities obtained on development. They were able to plot curves based on density and exposure which became known as the H \& D curve. Hurter and Driffield's work allowed them to express the characteristics of an emulsion with a nomenclature which was soon adopted by British plate manufacturers. From the 1890s onwards most British-made plates were identified with H \& D ratings. Hurter and Driffield's partnership was ended by the former's death in 1898.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.B.Ferguson (ed.), 1920, The Photographic Researches of Ferdinand Hurter \& Vero C. Driffield, London: Royal Photographic Society reprinted in facsimile, with a new introd. by W.Clark, 1974, New York (a memorial volume; the most complete account of Hurter and Driffield's work, includes a reprint of all their published papers).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Hurter, Ferdinand

  • 12 Kirkaldy, David

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotland
    d. 25 January 1897 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.
    [br]
    The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.
    With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.
    The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.
    After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.
    Bibliography
    1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).
    Further Reading
    D.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).
    LRD / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Kirkaldy, David

  • 13 Massey, Daniel

    [br]
    b. 1798 Vermont, USA
    d. 1856 Canada
    [br]
    American agricultural machinery manufacturer and co-founder of the Massey Harris Company (now Massey Ferguson).
    [br]
    In about 1800 Daniel Massey's family moved to Upper Canada. At the age of 6 he was sent back to stay with his grandparents in Waterton, USA, where he attended school for three years. He returned to his parents in 1807, and for the next twelve years he remained on his father's farm.
    At the age of 19 he forfeited his rights to his inheritance and rented land further west, which he began to clear. By the age of 21 he owned 200 acres, and during the next twelve years he bought, cleared and sold a further 1,200 acres. In 1820 he married Lucina Bradley from Water-town and returned with her to Canada.
    In 1830 he decided to settle down to farming and brought one of the first US threshing machines into Canada. From frequent visits to his family in the US he would return with new farm equipment, and in 1844 he handed his farm over to his eldest son so that he could concentrate on the development of his farm workshop. In 1845 he formed a brief partnership with R.F.Vaughan, who owned a small factory in Durham County near Lake Ontario. He began the production of ploughs, harrows, scufflers and rollers at a time when the Canadian Government was imposing heavy import duties on agricultural equipment being brought in from the USA. His business flourished and within six months he bought out his partner.
    In 1848 he bought another foundry in Newcastle, together with 50 acres of land, and in 1851 his son Hart joined him in the business. The following year Hart returned from the USA with the sole rights to manufacture the Ketchum mower and the Burrell reaper.
    The advent of the railway four years later opened up wider markets, and from these beginnings the Massey Company was to represent Canada at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. The European market was secured by the successes of the Massey reaper in the "World" trials held in France in 1889. Two years later the company merged with the Harris Company of Canada, to become the Massey Harris Company. Daniel Massey retired from the company four years after his son joined it, and he died the following year.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Graeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of harvest machinery development, in which Massey Harris played a vital role).
    Merrill Denison, 1949, Harvest Triumphant: The Story of Massey Harris, London.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Massey, Daniel

  • 14 Neilson, James Beaumont

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 22 June 1792 Shettleston, near Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 18 January 1865 Queenshill, Kirkcudbright-shire, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of hot blast in ironmaking.
    [br]
    After leaving school before the age of 14 Neilson followed his father in tending colliery-steam engines. He continued in this line while apprenticed to his elder brother and afterwards rose to engine-wright at Irvine colliery. That failed and Neilson obtained work as Foreman at the first gasworks to be set up in Glasgow. After five years he became Manager and Engineer to the works, remaining there for thirty years. He introduced a number of improvements into gas manufacture, such as the use of clay retorts, iron sulphate as a purifier and the swallow-tail burner. He had meanwhile benefited from studying physics and chemistry at the Andersonian University in Glasgow.
    Neilson is best known for introducing hot blast into ironmaking. At that time, ironmasters believed that cold blast produced the best results, since furnaces seemed to make more and better iron in the winter than the summer. Neilson found that by leading the air blast through an iron chamber heated by a coal fire beneath it, much less fuel was needed to convert the iron ore to iron. He secured a patent in 1828 and managed to persuade Clyde Ironworks in Glasgow to try out the device. The results were immediately favourable, and the use of hot blast spread rapidly throughout the country and abroad. The equipment was improved, raising the blast temperature to around 300°C (572°F), reducing the amount of coal, which was converted into coke, required to produce a tonne of iron from 10 tonnes to about 3. Neilson entered into a partnership with Charles Macintosh and others to patent and promote the process. Successive, and successful, lawsuits against those who infringed the patent demonstrates the general eagerness to adopt hot blast. Beneficial though it was, the process did not become really satisfactory until the introduction of hot-blast stoves by E.A. Cowper in 1857.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1846.
    Further Reading
    S.Smiles, Industrial Biography, Ch. 9 (offers the most detailed account of Neilson's life). Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., vol. 30, p. 451.
    J.Percy, 1851, Metallurgy: Iron and Steel (provides a detailed history of hot blast).
    W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans (provides brief details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Neilson, James Beaumont

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